How Would 401(k) ‘Rothification’ Alter Saving, Retirement Security, and Inequality?
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Abstract
The U.S. has long incentivized retirement saving in 401(k) and similar retirement accounts by permitting workers to defer taxes on contributions, levying them instead when retirees withdraw funds in retirement. This paper develops a dynamic life-cycle model to show how and whether “Rothification” — that is, taxing 401(k) contributions rather than payouts — would alter household saving, investment, and Social Security claiming patterns. We show that these changes differ importantly for low- versus higher-paid workers. We conclude that moving to a system that taxes pension contributions instead of withdrawals will lead to later retirement ages, particularly for the better-educated. It also would reduce work hours and lifetime tax payments and increase wealth and consumption inequality. In addition, we show how these behaviors would differ in a persistently low interest rate environment versus a more “normal” historical return world.
Key Findings
- Levying taxes on workers’ pension contributions instead of their payouts would lead to later claiming ages, particularly for the better-educated.
- It would also reduce lifetime tax payments, and increase consumption as well as wealth inequality.
Citation
Horneff, Vanya, Raimond Maurer, and Olivia S. Mitchell. 2019. “How Would 401(k) ‘Rothification’ Alter Saving, Retirement Security, and Inequality?” Ann Arbor, MI. University of Michigan Retirement and Disability Research Center (MRDRC) Working Paper; MRDRC WP 2019-398. https://mrdrc.isr.umich.edu/publications/papers/pdf/wp398.pdf
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Paper ID
WP 2019-398Publication Type
Working Paper