The Effects of Changes in Women’s Labor Market Attachment on Redistribution Under the Social Security Benefit Formula
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Abstract
Studies using data from the early 1990s suggested that while the progressive Social Security benefit formula succeeded in redistributing benefits from individuals with high earnings to individuals with low earnings, it was much less successful in redistributing benefits from households with high earnings to households with low earnings. Wives often earned much less than their husbands. As a result, much of the redistribution at the individual level was effectively from high earning husbands to their own lower earning wives. In addition, spouse and survivor benefits accrue disproportionately to women from high income households. Both factors mitigate redistribution at the household level.
This paper compares outcomes for the earlier cohort with those of a cohort born twelve years later. With greater growth in women’s earnings, the aim of the study is to see whether, after the recent growth in two earner households, and the growth in women’s labor market activity and earnings, the Social Security system now fosters somewhat more redistribution from high to low earning households.
We use data from the Health and Retirement Study to study a population consisting of members of households with at least one person age 51 to 56 in either 1992 or in 2004. We use four different measures of redistribution: the ratio of the present value of benefits to taxes for households arrayed by decile of covered earnings; the fraction of total Social Security benefits redistributed from households with high earnings to those with low earnings; the share of total benefits paid to members of each cohort redistributed from households falling in the highest deciles of earners to those with lower covered earnings; and the rate of return to Social Security taxes for members with different amounts of covered earnings.
Considering differences in earnings between cohorts, women enjoyed a more rapid growth of labor force participation, hours of work and covered earnings than men. This increased the redistribution of Social Security benefits among households. Nevertheless, a considerable gap remains between the labor market activities and earnings of women versus men. As a result, the Social Security system remains much less successful in redistributing benefits from households with high covered earnings to those with lower covered earnings than in redistributing benefits from individuals with high covered earnings to those with lower covered earnings.
Key Findings
- Despite the highly progressive Social Security benefit formula and the rapid growth of women’s earnings over the preceding decade, as of 2004 there is less redistribution of benefits from high to low earning households than from high to low earning individuals.
- Among the reasons for this finding:
- Women in high income households continue to earn less than their husbands, thereby enjoying redistribution from the benefit formula as low earners.
- Spouse and survivor benefits accrue disproportionately to households with one high earner.
- With the closing of the gap in earnings between men and women, in 2004 there was greater redistribution of Social Security benefits from high- to low-earning households than there was in 1992.
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Paper ID
WP 2011-248Publication Type
Working Paper